Altered pesticide use on transgenic crops and the associated general impact from an environmental perspective

The large-scale commercial cultivation of transgenic crops has undergone a steady increase since their introduction 10 years ago. Most of these crops bear introduced traits that are of agronomic importance, such as herbicide or insect resistance. These traits are likely to impact upon the use of pesticides on these crops, as well as the pesticide market as a whole. Organizations like USDA-ERS and NCFAP monitor the changes in crop pest management associated with the adoption of transgenic crops. As part of an IUPAC project on this topic, recent data are reviewed regarding the alterations in pesticide use that have been observed in practice. Most results indicate a decrease in the amounts of active ingredients applied to transgenic crops compared with conventional crops. In addition, a generic environmental indicator -- the environmental impact quotient (EIQ) -- has been applied by these authors and others to estimate the environmental consequences of the altered pesticide use on transgenic crops. The results show that the predicted environmental impact decreases in transgenic crops. With the advent of new types of agronomic trait and crops that have been genetically modified, it is useful to take also their potential environmental impacts into account.     

A new method based on taxonomic sufficiency to simplify studies on Neotropical ant assemblages

Insects, particularly ants, are good bioindicators of the state of ecosystems. Nevertheless, incorporating them into conservation surveys is expensive due to problems associated with their identification, which is exacerbated by the fact that there are fewer and fewer taxonomists working today. “Taxonomic sufficiency” (TS), which identifies organisms to a level of taxonomic resolution sufficient enough to satisfy the objectives of a study, has never been applied to Neotropical ant communities. We analysed five Neotropical datasets representing ant assemblages collected with different sampling methods in various habitats. We first treated them using two complementary and cumulative TS methods, higher-taxon and “indicator taxa” surrogacies, before testing a new approach called “mixed-level method” that combines the two previous approaches. For the higher-taxon surrogacy, we showed that, above species, genus is the most informative taxonomic level. Then, mixed-level method provided more information on ant assemblages than did the two others, even though the “indicator taxa” surrogacy was based on relevant indicator genera. Although habitat type has no effect on its efficiency, this new method is influenced by the dataset structure and the type of sampling method used to collect data. We have thus developed a new method for analyzing Neotropical ant faunas that enables the taxonomic work linked to the identification of problematic species to be significantly reduced, while conserving most of the information on the ant assemblage. This method should enhance the work of Neotropical entomologists not specialised in taxonomy, particularly those concerned with biological conservation and indication.     

冷季补饲对那曲牦牛生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

[目的]为明确高寒牧区牦牛冷季补饲效果。[方法]本试验通过测定日增重和采集血液去分析补饲精饲料对不同年龄那曲牦牛生长速度和血液生化指标的影响。[结果]研究表明,2岁、3岁牦牛试验组和对照组的日增重均显著高于1岁、4岁(P0.05);在不同年龄间,牦牛各个年龄的试验组日增重均高于对照组,但1岁、2岁试验组极显著高于对照组(P0.01),3岁、4岁试验组日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05)。不同年龄阶段淀粉酶(AMY)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿素(UREA)差异极显著(P0.01),钙(Ca)、磷(P)和尿素氮/肌酐差异显著(P0.05)外,其余指标差异均不显著(P0.05),同一年龄的牦牛在不同的饲养管理水平下,各项生化指标中补饲牦牛的淀粉酶(AMY)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿素(UREA)极显著高于放牧牦牛(P0.01),钙(Ca)和尿素氮/肌酐显著高于放牧牦牛(P0.05),磷(P)显著低于放牧牦牛(P0.05)。[结论]表明冷季补饲有效补充了那曲牦牛的机体能量,为其机体冷季正常生长发育提供了动力,从而提高了其越冬能力和适应性。     

云南大理油棕自交子一代对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性评价

低温是限制油棕生长发育和产量的重要影响因子,探究低温条件下油棕的生理响应机制,为油棕耐寒种质资源的选育及推广提供理论依据.以云南大理抗寒高产油棕成龄树的自交F1代有性系苗木为试验材料,在4℃低温胁迫下处理0(对照)、1、3、5 d,根据叶片寒害程度及其恢复生长情况将其划分为4个寒害等级,即1级(无)、2级(轻)、3级(...     

烟苗壮苗指数构建与生长过程素质评估

为在设施大棚控制条件下构建快速、准确、直观、全面判断烟苗素质的壮苗科学评价体系以及在烟苗生长过程中的素质评估阈值,以成苗期（播种后60 d）的烟苗为材料,利用模糊综合评价法和熵权法构建综合评价指数,采用K-means聚类分析筛选出壮苗关键指标并随机组合成30个壮苗指数,通过壮苗指数与综合评价指数相关性分析筛选出最适宜壮苗指数,另以生长发育时期（播种后30～60 d）的烟苗为材料,获得烟苗达到最优壮苗水平的时期和关键指标阈值。结果表明：1）设施大棚内不同位置的三盘烟苗组间差异显著。2）综合评价指数范围为0.377～0.778,筛选出的壮苗指数为：全株鲜重×叶绿素总量×地上干重/株高（r=0.766）。3）烟苗素质分为3个等级,即最优壮苗级别（壮苗指数≥0.519）、壮苗级别（壮苗指数：0.356～0.519）、弱苗级别（壮苗指数≤0.356）。4）播种后50 d左右达到最优壮苗水平,株高6.96 cm左右,全株鲜重7.59 g左右,地上干重0.35 g左右,叶绿素总量1.36 mg·g-1左右。研究结果为烟草壮苗科学评价和壮苗形成过程的烟苗素质评估提供了理论依据与科学方法。     

Irrigation organization in Mexican unidades de riego: Results of a field study

The paper summarizes findings from a survey of farmer-managed irrigation systems in the central Mexican state of Guanajuato. Three types of information are presented: structural characteristics (e.g., group size, inequality, reservoir capacity); system rules and organization; and performance indicators (maintenance and productivity). The average system comprises 123 households, each with an irrigated parcel of 3.3 hectares. A statistical model of rule-choice reveals that systems with greater land-holding inequality and older water users' associations are more likely to have chosen more complex water-allocation rules. An ordered-logit model of maintenance shows that greater social homogeneity is associated with higher maintenance levels.     

中国林业经营类型系统及环境功能评价指标体系的探讨

本文从现代林业经营的环境价值属性出发,提出我国林业经营类型系统,主要包括自然保护区经营,林业生态工程,林区经营和城市林业经营等,并针对不同林业经营类型的环境功能特征进行了林种划分,在此基础上,提出了不同林业的经营类型的环境功能评价指标体系。     

饲料中赖氨酸水平对勃氏雅罗鱼生长、饲料利用、血液生化指标、赖氨酸代谢酶活性及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨赖氨酸对勃氏雅罗鱼生长、饲料利用、血液生化指标、赖氨酸代谢酶活性及相关基因表达的影响,配制6种等能(17 MJ/kg)、等氮(37%CP)且不同赖氨酸水平(1.82%、2.27%、2.72%、3.17%、3.62%和4.07%)的实验饲料,以初始体质量为(13.44±1.10) g的勃氏雅罗鱼为实验对象,分6组,每组3重复,每重复50尾,分别投喂6种实验饲料,养殖周期为8周。结果显示:饲料中赖氨酸水平达到3.17%时,该组的勃氏雅罗鱼平均增重率(WG)和特定生长率(SGR)与3.62%组无显著性差异,但显著高于其他各组。2.27%组、2.72%组、3.17%组、3.62%组和4.07%组的饲料效率(FE)和蛋白质效率(PER)均显著高于1.82%组。3.17%组的血清中胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、总胆固醇(TC)、总氨基酸(TAA)、总蛋白(TP)、球蛋白(GLB)和白蛋白(ALB)含量显著高于1.82%组;血清中尿素氮(BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)含量显著低于1.82%组。各实验组的肝胰脏赖氨酸酮戊二酸还原酶(LKR)活性均存在显著性差异,且随赖氨酸水平的升高而显著升高;2.72%组、3.17%组、3.62%组和4.07%组的肝胰脏氨基乙二酸半醛合成酶(AASS)活性差异不显著,但均显著高于1.82%组和2.27%组。2.72%组、3.17%组、3.62%组的血清LKR活性差异不显著,但均显著高于1.82%组和4.07%组;2.72%组和3.17%组的血清AASS活性显著高于1.82%组和2.27%组,显著低于3.62%组和4.07%组。肝胰脏中AASS基因表达量在2.72%组、3.17%组、3.62%组和4.07%组差异不显著,但均显著高于1.82%组;肝胰脏中阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白-1(CAT1)基因表达量在3.17%组和3.62%组差异不显著,但均显著高于1.82%组、2.27%组、2.72%组和4.07%组。在本实验条件下,饲料中赖氨酸水平为3.17%或赖蛋比为8.5%时,能够提高勃氏雅罗鱼的生长、饲料利用率、蛋白质代谢、赖氨酸代谢和转运能力。     

低温冷藏对带鱼肌肉蛋白的影响

选取蛋白丰富、营养价值高的舟山大眼带鱼(Trichiurus haumela),分别置于0℃和4℃冷藏条件下贮藏15 d,通过测定肌原纤维蛋白TCA可溶性肽含量、巯基含量、表面疏水性、Ca2+-ATPase和Mg2+-ATPase活性等一系列可表征带鱼品质变化的理化指标,同时结合全溶性蛋白、水溶性蛋白和高盐溶性蛋白的电泳图,观察低温冷藏对带鱼肌肉蛋白的影响,比较2种贮藏温度下鱼肉蛋白的氧化变性以及降解情况。实验结果显示,在0℃和4℃条件下,随着贮藏时间的延长,TCA可溶性肽含量从1.446 μmol/g分别升至6.717和7.595 μmol/g,巯基含量从38.15 μmol/g MP降至35.82和30.36 μmol/g MP,Ca2+-ATPase活性从0.99 U/mg prot下降至0.092和0.134 U/mg prot,Mg2+-ATPase活性从0.76 U/mg prot下降至0.199和0.125 U/mg prot,表面疏水性先上升后下降,但数值都高于新鲜样。这一系列理化指标数值的改变,反映了0℃和4℃这2种冷藏条件不利于带鱼长期的贮藏,随着贮藏时间的延长,带鱼的蛋白氧化致使其新鲜度和品质都遭到破坏,散发出异味,以至于无法食用。从微观结构来看,带鱼肌肉的全溶性蛋白和水溶性蛋白基本没有变化,但肌原纤维蛋白逐渐降解,也是导致鱼肉品质下降的原因之一。相对于4℃冷藏条件,相同的贮藏天数,0℃冷藏条件下带鱼蛋白降解速率较慢,鱼肉腐败程度较低。     

基于复合指标与测试技术的旋耕秸秆还田质量评价研究

秸秆还田是土壤培肥与丰产增效的重要技术途径,对农业可持续发展具有重要的现实意义.但目前针对秸秆还田作业质量的测试评价研究仍十分有限,尤其缺乏耕整作业后的秸秆在土壤各层空间分布效果的综合定量评价.以生产环节的旋耕秸秆还田质量评价为例,利用2D数字图像法、3D逆向工程技术和Matlab计算模块等现代信息技术构建了一套秸秆还...